INTRODUCTION

• Diabetes mellitus (diabetes) is a chronic condition which occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot use the insulin it produces effectively (Kumaran et al., 2014; Dey et al., 2015).
• Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, leads to serious damage to many of the body’s systems.
• Diabetes is also characterized by disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.

INTRODUCTION

• Pomadasys jubelini commonly called the grunter
• Family Pomadasyidae.
• 3 species, P. perotiti, P. rogeri and P. jubelini.
• P. jubelini most available in New Calabar–Bonny River 10% of commercial catches.
• Valued fish, readily available, tasty and high economic value

INTRODUCTION

Biomphalaria glabrata is epidemiologically an important snail species host in the transmission of human schistosomiasis in the Caribbean and South American (Reeves, 2008). This chronic and debilitating disease remains one of the most public health concerns in 74 developing countries, infecting more than 200 million people (Tallima, 2013). Intramolluscan development of S. mansoni larval in the Biomphalaria spp is a complex process involving initial infection of the snail host by the free-swimming miracidium, its subsequent transformation to…
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The interactions between Schistosome parasites and their intermediate snail hosts at the molecular level are crucial events that determine the success/failure of a parasite's infectivity (Adema et al., 2012; Webster et al., 2016).  The study of such interactions is currently attracting tremendous attention, particularly in relation to the development of strategies aimed at interrupting parasite transmission (Gray et al., 2012; Cantacessi et al., 2013) and hence Schistosomiasis control (Adema et al., 2012). Although, there are many studies designed…
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The interactions between Schistosome parasites and their intermediate snail hosts at the molecular level are crucial events that determine the success/failure of a parasite's infectivity (Adema et al., 2012; Webster et al., 2016).  The study of such interactions is currently attracting tremendous attention, particularly in relation to the development of strategies aimed at interrupting parasite transmission (Gray et al., 2012; Cantacessi et al., 2013) and hence Schistosomiasis control (Adema et al., 2012). Although, there are many studies designed…
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INTRODUCTION

Infectious diseases such as malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis have huge health, social and economic impact on major populations particularly in endemic regions (Parsons et al., 2015). They are responsible for a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Globally, about 50% of deaths attributed to these diseases occur among the poorest countries of the world (Fuller et al., 2015). In addition, some of these pathogens infect domestic and wild animals, consequently, leading to zoonotic infections (Cook, 2015). Although…
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BACKGROUND-AIM
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease of about four subtypes with distinct clinico-pathological and molecular features. Information on the serum levels of reproductive and thyroid hormones in the breast cancer subtypes is sparse. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of reproductive and thyroid hormones to the pathogenesis of luminal, HER2+ and triple negative breast cancer subtypes

OUTLINE

• What is proposal writing?
• Why proposal writing
• What are Donors/Evaluators looking for in your proposal?
• Common reasons for rejecting your proposal
• Wining proposal tips

OUTLINE

Background information

Rationale of the study

Research Methodology

Results and Discussions

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

OUTLINE

• Background information
• Rationale of the study
• Aim and objectives
• Research Methodology
• Results and Discussions
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgement

INTRODUCTION

During data collections in on-farm research, one encounters situations where there are large numbers of variables comprising the dataset. One of the key steps in data analysis is finding ways to reduce dimensionality without sacrificing accuracy. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a multivariate technique in data analysis. It can be used for compressing higher dimensional data sets to lower dimensional ones (Davis, 1986).

INTRODUCTION

Even though the term biochemistry, after about 100 years of use, has become commonplace in our language, a precise definition is difficult and depends on who you ask. Most scientists will agree with the straightforward definition, the study of life at the molecular level. The word ?biochemistry? has two components, biology and chemistry, and students of the discipline must be well versed in the fundamentals of both subjects. Biochemistry can also be defined as:
     ? The science that is…
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INTRODUCTION

The major function of carbohydrates in metabolism is as a fuel to be oxidized and provide energy for other metabolic processes. The carbohydrate is utilized by cells mainly as glucose. The 3 principal monosaccharides resulting from digestive processes are glucose, fructose and galactose.

Much of the glucose is derived from starch which accounts for over half of the fuel in the diets of most humans. Glucose is also produced from other dietary components by the liver and, to…
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ABSTRACT

Aim: To determine indices of insulin sensitivity and oral disposition index (DIo) derived from 30 min of glucose challenge in adults with sickle cell anaemia; a group in whom there is chronic inflammation.

INTRODUCTION

Crude oil pollution is a global menace that has caused critical environmental and health defects especially in oil dependent countries (Obayori et al., 2009, Muthuswamy et al., 2008).The disadvantages associated with conventional treatment of crude oil pollution have led to the development of an alternative, more economical and reliable biological approach. This makes the search for crude oil degrading microbes very crucial (Olajuyigbe and Ehiosun, 2016).

The increase in human population has led to a greater demand for food with much concern in the demand for quality protein, Aquaculture to provide protein for man.

Generally, many plant proteins are low in one of the essential amino acids but a combination of plant proteins such as grains with pulse or seeds may give a high quality protein which is just as good as protein from animal foods (Anhwange et al., 2004).

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INTRODUCTION

• What to know about amphibians : Over 6,000 species. 103 amphibian species, 101 anurans and two caecilians from within the borders of Nigeria (IUCN et al. 2006). 2,469 (43%) species are declining in population.

• Limitation of other studies: Aisien et al. ( 2003, 2009 & 2015), Imasuen et al. (2012 & 2015).
• Anuran fauna. Oldham (2000), Akani et al.(2004), Onadeko & Rödel (2009).
• Baseline study. There is no literature of anuran fauna in Agbede…
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This study assessed the effect of short term dietary modification on inflammatory and oxidative stress indices in Nigerians with metabolic syndrome (MS).

Metabolic syndrome (MS)

MS* is a constellation of interconnected factors which increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Kassi et al., 2011). One of the major public health challenges worldwide (Alberti et al., 2005) even, in the developing world where poverty is widespread.

Appropriate intake of micronutrients is required to maintain optimal health. Inadequate intake is recognized as an important contributor to the global burden of disease through increased rates of illness, death from infectious diseases, and of disability such as mental impairment (Ezzati et al., 2002). Deficiencies of micronutrients have been associated with various pathologies such as hypertension

Background: Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) continues to pose as one of the key sources of nosocomial infection worldwide. The study aimed at ascertaining the transfer of antimicrobial genes encoding ESBL via Conjugation amid clinical isolates of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION

Flocculants, or flocculating agents are chemicals that promote flocculation by causing colloids and other suspended particles in liquids to aggregate, forming a floc (1). Thus they are widely applied in different industrial processes, including wastewater treatment, downstream processing, food and fermentation processes (2). Although chemical flocculants have been used widely due to their effective flocculating activity and low cost, some of these synthetic flocculant have threats to public health and increase environmental risks (3).

In recent years, utilization of…
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INTRODUCTION

• Flocculation, in the field of Chemistry, is a process where colloids come out of suspension in the form of floc or flake.
• According to the IUPAC definition, flocculation is “a process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of dispersion form larger size clusters”.
• Flocculation is synonymous with agglomeration, aggregation, and coagulation .

Introduction: Features
• A strain is considered “probiotic” if it proves to be safe
and has some basic features which are:
• acid and bile tolerance,
• ability to adhere to intestinal epithelium,
• antagonistic activity towards pathogenic bacteria (Lin et
al., 2006).
Survival of the intestinal transit and, at least, transient
colonization of the intestine appear to be the main
preconditions for microorganisms to be of any beneficial
effect to the host after consumption (Iyer et al., 2010).

• Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever
• The virus, member of virus family Arenaviridae
• The Mastomys natalensis called Multimammate rat is the host of the virus

A good biostimulant is not judged based on the biostimulation efficiency to enhance oleophilic microbial growth for hydrocarbon degradation alone but also on the ability to restore crude oil compromised sites to support agricultural activities and diverse microbial functions and regain soil integrity

The functional morphology of the mouth and gastro-intestinal tract of different fish species, revealed to a large extent the type of food and mode of feeding habits of the fish species.
The varieties of dietary items found in the aquatic ecosystem are to a large extent is responsible for the variations in morphological modifications to acquire and utilize the different food item by various species.

INTRODUCTION
•Intestinal helminthiasisare soil transmitted helminthinfections which affect the world’s most impoverished and deprived communities. These infections are associated with poor environmental sanitary conditions (WHO, 2017). They are transmitted by eggs in human faeceswhich tend to contaminate the soil under poor environmental conditions.
•These diseases are also among the neglected tropical diseases which tend to have a high geographical overlap throughout the tropical countries.(Sach, 2007)

Introduction

It is very interesting to know that Benin City is sitting on a very rich source of aquifer.
•Majority of the people in Benin have borehole as a major source of drinking water and for other uses.
•A pollution caused in this water will affect more than 83% of the in habitant
•It will be of great interest to know what this water contain and if it have any effect on the life of man,living organism and its environment. READ MORE Download Staff Profile

introduction

Unprecedentedbioaccumulationandbiomagnificationofheavymetals(HMs)intheenvironmenthavebecomeadilemmaforalllivingorganismsincludingplants(Živkovi?etal.,2012).
•HMs at toxic levels have the capability to interact with several vital cellular biomolecules
•such as nuclear proteins and DNA(Liuetal.,2014),
•leading to excessive augmentation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).

Introduction

In the bid to achieve food security through legume cultivation, farmers sometimes contend with soil cadmium contamination

Introduction

Melbourne Botanic Gardens in all publications stressed this concept that "the botany garden is an ever changing museum of living plants." (Almond, 1993).

introduction
•Metals occur both naturally and by anthropogenic source
•They are present in the environment with a wide range of oxidation states and coordination numbers, and these differences are related to their toxicity. Some metals are essential others are not (Ohanmu et al., 2017).
•HMs can be highly reactive
•HMscanpromoteoxidativedamage
•bydirectincreaseincellularfunctionbyconcentratedROS
•byreducingthecellularantioxidantcapacity(Ohanmuetal.,2018)
•TheROSresultstounbalancedcellularredoxstatus.
•Thestorageofmetalsbycellulardetoxifyingmechanismsmakesthemavailableforassimilationbythebiotaandbiomagnificationviathefoodchain.
•PlantsrespondtoHMs
•ThisstudyinvestigatedtheantioxidantresponseofS.stenocarpatocadmium-inducestress

Introduction
•The Niger Delta region of Nigeria
•Oil pollution
•Reduce soil productivity
•Omosunet al. (2008) reported the highly susceptibility of plant
•Sources of oil spill
•Pepper (C. frutescensL.), a major arable crop in Nigeria and many African countries, was chosen for this study because it has become increasing popularity in ologboand most farmers have adopted to the cultivation of the plant.
•This study aims to evaluate the growth performance of Capsicum to crude oil pollution.
(Ohanmu et al., 2017)

INTRODUCTION
•AgriculturalsoilcontaminatedwithHMsisofincreaseworldwideconcernbecauseoffoodsafetyissuesandpotentialhealthrisks
•TwomajorHMscontributorstoitsaccumulationinediblepartofcropare:
•HMsuptakefromcontaminatedsoilviaplantroots
•Directdepositionofcontaminantsfromtheatmosphereorsoilparticlesontoplantsurfaces.
•(Cd) is considered to be the most toxic element decreasing soil biological activity and plant metabolism even at a low concentration
•Legumes; what they are and how important they are
•The study aimed to determine the effect of cadmium toxicity on the reproductive capacity of Vignaunguiculata
(Ohanmu et al., 2018;Sanitàand Gabbrielli, 1999)

Introduction
•There are a number of natural and anthropogenic processes which add Cd to the environment (Inuwa,2004) and its phytotoxic effects (Gallegoetal.,2012).
•Wild vigna an under utilized plant is a good feed for deer,ground birds and has high water holding capacities.
•This study aimed to determine the effects of Cd pollution on the germination index and dry mater accumulation of wild vigna

INTRODUCTION

Thonningia sanguinea Vahl (Balanophoraceae) is a rare cryptic obligate holoparasitic plant endemic to tropical Africa (Bullock, 1948).
?Morphological characters are limited
?Previous attempts to assess the genetic variability in T. sanguinea have been unsuccessful (Bullock, 1948).
?Random polymorphic DNA technology (RAPD) allows for a broad revealing of numerous loci covering the genome (Nybom, 2004) and as consequence gives a true picture of the genome diversity (Klinbunga et al., 2000; Besse, 2014).

Introduction
?Historical perspective of herbaria and plant collections
?Relevance of herbarium
?Sources of materials for herbarium
?Preparing herbarium specimens
?Some major herbarium of the world
?Reasons inadequate herbaria in Nigeria
?Conclusion/Recommendation

Distribution, host range, and habitat characteristics are significant factors in planning conservation strategy for parasitic plants (Marvier and Smith, 1997).

?Parasitic plants (Kuijt, 1969; Musselman and Press, 1995; Heide-Jørgensen, 2008).

?Thonningia sanguinea is a rare obligate holoparasitic plant endemic of forest trees (Bullock, 1948).

Diabetes is a condition characterized by accumulation of glucose in the blood under utilized. Management of diabetes without side effects is still a challenge to the medical system, as treatments for diabetes are relatively limited with significant side effects, making plant sources a target to explore new drugs. Abelmoschus caillei (A.Chev.) Stevels (AC), also known as West African okra, belongs to the family Malvaceae. AC fruits are used to manage diabetes in Nigeria, hence the aim of this study was…
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Background

Medicinal plants are plants that have in one or more of its organ, active substances that can be used as therapeutic agents or as precursors for the manufacture of synthetic drugs (WHO,1977).
•About 50,000 species of higher plants have been used medicinally. This represents by far the biggest use of the natural world in terms of number of species (Idu,2010).

CANCER
• The cell is the basic building block of all living things. All cells
normally grow and divide (multiply) to replace old cells to keep the
body healthy. A cell becomes cancerous when it grows quickly and
uncontrollably.
• Cancer is a type of a neoplasm or tumor.
• A tumor is a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of
cells (called neoplastic cells).
• The term tumor is now used as a synonym for a neoplasm. READ MORE Download Staff Profile

CELL DIVISION CYCLE
Cell division cycle is the process by which
a cell grows, replicates its DNA and then
divides to give two daughter cells.
In prokaryotes, the cell cycle occurs via
binary fission.
In Eukaryotes, the cell cell cycle can be
divided into two brief period-------
1. Interphase----------during which the cell
grows, accumulating nutrients needed
for mitosis and duplicating its DNA
2. Mitosis (M) phase-----------during
which the cell splits itself into daughter
cells.

INTRODUCTION
• Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), a member of the Nitrosamines is
generated from the in situ reaction of dimethylamine (DMA) with
monochloroamine in the disinfection process or the nitrosation of
DMA by nitrite (Gerecke and Sedlak, 2003).
• DMN is a potent hepatotoxin, carcinogen and mutagen which exerts
its carcinogenic effects, causes fibrosis, cirrhosis and induces hepatic
necrosis through metabolic activation by CYP2E1 (George et al., 2001;
Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2005).
• The occurrence of dietary and environmental chemicals such as…
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INTRODUCTION
• Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), a member of Nitrosamine family
is generated from the in situ reaction of dimethylamine
(DMA) with monochloroamine in the disinfection process or
the nitrosation of DMA by nitrite (Gerecke and Sedlak, 2003).
• DMN is a potent hepatotoxin, carcinogen and mutagen which
exerts its carcinogenic effects, causes fibrosis, cirrhosis and
induces hepatic necrosis through metabolic activation by
CYP2E1 (George et al., 2001; Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2005).
• The occurrence of dietary and environmental chemicals such
as…
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INTRODUCTION
• Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), is a member of a family of extremely
potent carcinogens, the N-nitrosamines (U.S. EPA, 2002).
• DMN is generated from the in situ reaction of dimethylamine (DMA)
with monochloroamine in the disinfection process or the nitrosation
of DMA by nitrite (Gerecke and Sedlak, 2003).
• DMN is a potent hepatotoxin, carcinogen and mutagen which exerts
its carcinogenic effects, causes fibrosis, cirrhosis and induces hepatic
necrosis in experimental animals through metabolic activation by
CYP2E1 (George et al.,…
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COPING WITH ACADEMIC CHALLENGES
Coping can be defined as
• an individuals cognitive and behavioural
strategies to manage, reduce or tolerate the
external and / or
• internal demands encountered in any situation
and
• is reflected in the self protection strategies
adopted by the individual

Petroleum as a pollutant.
?Crude oil in Niger Delta and its polluted environs.
?Casestudy; Ogoniland in Niger Delta.
?The potency of microbes as a clean up tool for environmental pollution
?16SrRNA-basedapproachforbacterialidentificationINTRODUCTION

Outline

background of study

problem statement

research focus

objectives

Listeria is the causative agent for “Listeriosis” an infectious disease of
public health significance.
• Vulnerable groups as immunocompromised individuals (e.g. HIV/AIDS, patients on
chemotherapy), pregnant women, new-born and the elderly (Farber, 1991).
Studies on food pathogens transmitted via fresh vegetables have
reported the involvement of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens such
as Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Food contamination with
antimicrobial resistant bacteria can be a major threat to public health.
• Consequently, there are scarce findings exploring the involvement of drug…
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General overview of the lecture: The course is intended to give the students the basic and important knowledge of viruses. The course entails fundamental topics such as: Study of some microbial pathogens (bacteria, virus and fungi) of plants, animals with emphasis on those prevalent in Nigeria; Clinical manifestations of specific bacteria, viral and fungal pathogens of man.

INTRODUCTION
•Antibiotics are natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic substances which are used to treat or prevent microbial infections in humans and animals. Their development is one of the greatest accomplishments of modern medicine (WHO, 2015).
•Antibiotic resistance is the acquired ability of a microorganism to resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent to which it is normally susceptible (Madigan et al., 2015).
•Because of widespread existing antibiotic resistance and continual rise of new resistance, pathogens isolated from clinical specimens must be…
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